mitral

ward displacement of papillary muscles. Tethering of the leaflets, especially posterior leaflets. Restricted leaflet motion, creating gaps for regurgitant flow. Annular Dilation and Geometric Changes The mitral annulus, a fibrous ring supporting the valve, may enlarge due to ventric

the mitral valve apparatus and planning for repair techniques. Computed tomography (CT) angiography: Evaluates thoracic anatomy, vascular access, and potential obstructions. Cardiac catheterization: Optional, to assess coronary artery disease when indicated. Preoperative Prepa